PAYING HOMAGE TO BABA BANDA SINGH BAHADUR JI: THE FOUNDER OF SIKH RULE ON JUNE 24 ON HIS 308th MARTYRDOM DAY  

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji (1670-1716), a brave Sikh warrior and founder of the

Sikh Rule in Punjab was born on October 27, 1670 at Rajauri in Punchh District of Jammu

and Kashmir. His early name wasLachhman Dev. His father Ram Dev Ji, a Rajput Farmer

trained him in martial arts in early childhood.

At the age of fifteen, the sight of a dying pregnant doe during one of his hunting

excursions made him leave his home as penitence and become an ascetic. He joined

Bairagi Ram Das who named him 'Madho Das'. After his extensive tours he settled in the Panchvati woods near Nasik in Maharashtra. Later on, he established a math (monastery) of his own in Nanded, Maharashtra on the left bank of river Godavari. It was here that he came in contact with Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru who happened to visit his monastery on September 3, 1708. After some discourse, he fell at the feet of Guru Sahib pronouncing himself as his banda i.e. slave. He was immediately converted to the Sikh faith. GuruSahib named him 'Banda Singh' and bestowed upon him a drum, a banner and five arrows as symbols of authority. At the site of his meeting with Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Gurdwara Baba Banda Bahadur Ghat, Nanded has been established.

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji along with five Sikhs - Binod Singh, Kahan Singh, Baj

Singh, Daya Singh and Ram Singh set out towards the north with a determination to chastise

the tyrannical Mughal faujdar of Sirhind Wazir Khan and other tyrannical imperial officers who

were persecuting Hindus and Sikhs compelling them to come into the fold of Islam. On

reaching Punjab, wherever he went the Sikhs welcomed him and gave him their full support.

On November 26, 1709 he attacked Samana in Patiala District of Punjab, the native town of

(i) Jalal ud-Din,the executioner of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, the ninth Sikh Guru and (ii)

of the two executioners Shashal Beg and Bashal Beg who had beheaded Sri Guru Gobind

Singh Ji's two younger sons Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji and Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji

aged 7 years and 9 years respectively at Sirhind.

After conquering Samana he occupied Ghurham, Thaska, Shahabad and Mustfabad.

After this he razed to the ground the town of Kapuri in Haryana whose faujdar Qadam ud-

Din was persecuting Hindus and Sikhs and was indulging in debaucheries. His next mission

was to punish Usman Khan, the chief of Sadhaura, which presently falls in Ambala District of

Haryana, who was notorious for persecuting Hindus and Sikhs. On March 21, 1704 Usman

Khan had tortured to death the muslim saint Sayyid Buddhu Shah, who taking along with him

700 of his followers, his brother and four sons had helped Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji in the

battle of Bhangani in Himachal Pradesh. The Hindus of this place had complained to Baba

Banda Singh Bahadur that they were not allowed to cremate their dead or to perform any

other religious ceremony. They also said that cows were slaughtered before their houses

and their blood and entrails were left in the streets which had compelled some Hindus to

leave this place. In a fierce battle which took place at Sadhaura Usman Khan was killed. In

Sadhaura to commemorate the bravery of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur a Gurdwara named

Quilla Gurdwara has been established.

Before attacking Sirhind, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji took a long route to seek

the support of the Sikhs from Doaba and Majha. On his call, the Sikhs came forward and

gave him their full support because they wanted to avenge the killing of the two younger

sons of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji who had been bricked alive in a wall at Sirhind on the

orders of Wazir Khan. His aim was (i) to avenge the killing of the two younger sons of Sri

Guru Gobind Singh Ji, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji whom

Wazir Khan, the imperial faujdar of Sirhind had first ordered to be sealed alive in a wall,

and who were later on executed by his orders at Sirhind and (ii) put an end to the Mughal

imperialism under which Hindus and Sikhs were being forcibly converted to Islam.

On May 12, 1710 to conquer Sirhind he attacked the imperial forces at Chapar

Chiri which are twin villages (Chapar Chiri Large and Chapar Chiri Small) in Kharar Tehsil

of District Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab which are at a distance of about 20 kms

from Sirhind. Wazir Khan who had 25,000 warriors at his command had reached Chapar Chiri. A fierce battle took place. Toward the end of this battle as the author of Ahwal-i- Salatin-i Hind has stated "The Sikhs came face to face with the Mohammedans... Wazir Khan then came face to face with Baj Singh saying 'be careful, you dirty dog'. " In the meantime, Fateh Singh took out his sword and struck Wazir Khan so strongly that it passed through his shoulder down to his waist and his head fell to the ground. To commemorate this victory Gurdwara Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji has been

established between Chapar Chiri Large andChapar Chiri Small.

On May 14, 1710 Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji and his troops captured the

city of Sirhind and razed it to the ground. The province of Sirhind at that time

extended from Karnal to Ludhiana. This victory named as Sirhind Victory virtually

paved the way for Khalsa Raj which ended with Maharaja Dulip Singh, the youngest

son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1849. At the place of execution of Sahibzada

Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji which is 5 kms north of Sirhind the

city named Fatehgarh Sahib was established and at the exact site of execution

Gurdwara Fatehgarh Sahib has been established. By this time Baba Banda Singh

Bahadur Ji wasthe virtual master of territories between Yamuna and Sutlej.

After the victory of Sirhind, he made Mukhlisgarh, which falls in-between Sadhaura

and Nahan in the Himalayas as his headquarters and renamed it 'Lohgarh'. Fort of Lohgarh

in this way becamethe first capital of Sikh Raj (Rule). He introduced new coins and a

new calendar dating from May 14, 1710. He put an end to the feudal system.

After crossing Yamuna, he seized Saharanpur in U.P. in the summer of 1710 after

which he returned to Punjab and conquered Batala and Kalanaur in Gurdaspur District of

Punjab and marched towards Lahore. The Governor of Lahore Syyid Aslam was so much

awe stricken that he shut himself in afort. By now, except for the city of Lahore the whole of

Majha and Riarki were under his command. On Oct 3, 1710 he occupied Rahon in Jalandhar

Doab.

His increasing power and influence roused the anger of the Mughal Emperor

Bahadur Shah (Rule 1707-1712) who came from the Deccan and commanded the

Governors of Delhi and Oudh and other Mughal officers to punish the Sikhs. The Sikhs

were so much on Bahadur Shah's brain that he looked at every bearded man with

suspician. On September 8, 1710, he issued an order that 'all Hindus employed in the

imperial offices should get their beards shaved because he was afraid that Sikhs may be

disguised in them. On December, 10, 1710 Bahadur Shah issued orders to all of his

faujdars to kill 'worshippers of Nanak' i.e. the Sikhs wherever found. As per the imperial

orders all Government officers were ordered tokill Sikhs wherever found. The Sikhs were

handed over to the Mughal soldiers in lieu of pay who sold them in the horse-market

(nakhas) at Lahore where they were butcherd. Even in the face of the imperial order of

killing of all Sikhs Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji was tolerant towards the Muslims. Thus,

5000 Muslim in the areas surrounding Kalanaur and Batala joined his army. These

muslims were allowed to shout their religious call azan and recite khutba and namaz in the

army of Sikhs.

In the face of the imperial orders, the Sikhs in Sirhind and other places were

compelled to take shelter in the Fort of Lohgarh. But the imperial forces which included

60,000 soldiers besieged this fort. Due to lack of sufficient provisions, the Sikh soldiers

were getting desperate. On the night of December 10, 1710 Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji

escaped Lohgarh and took control of the States of Bilaspur, Mandi, Kullu and Chamba in

Himachal Pradesh. In June 1711, he came down to the plains and defeated the Mughal

troops at Bahrampur near Jammu and then again returned to the hilly areas. Ghulam

Husain Khan in his book Siyar-ul-Mutaakherin written in Persian language has reported

that towards the end of his life Bahadur Shah lost his mental balance and gave some very

ridiculous orders such as killing of all dogs and donkeys in the city and removal of all faqirs

from the city. He became melancholic and died on February 27, 1712.

After Bahadur Shah's death Jahandar Shah ascended the throne for a few months.

On January 10, 1713 Farrukh-Siyar who ascended the throne accelerated the campaign

against the Sikhs. The Sikhs were forced to leave Sadhaura and Lohgarh.

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji fought the last battle with the Mughals at the village

of Gurdas Nangal 6 kms from Gurdaspur where the main column led by Baba Banda

Singh Bahadur Ji was subjected to a severe siege. Due to lack of food supplies his

warriors had to live on grass, leaves and bark of the trees. On December 7, 1715 after 8

months of difficult conditions he had to surrender. He along with his followers was taken

prisoner. About 200-300 Sikhs were bound hand-and-foot and handedover to the Mughal

and Tartar soldiery, who killed them with their swords. Their blood filled the battle fieldas if

it was a dish full of blood. The heads of the dead Sikhs were stuffed with hay and mounted

on spears.

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji was first taken to Lahore and paraded in a gruesome

manner in the streets of Lahore. Then heavily chained, enclosed in a cage which was set on

an elephant he was sent to Delhi by road along with 740 prisoners in heavy chains seated on

camels (two on each camel tied together wherein one hand of each of them was tied to his

neck), 700 cart loads of heads of Sikhs, with another 2000 heads of Sikhs stuck upon pikes.

All of them were given food only when they fainted because of hunger. The amount of food

was as little could keep their breath going. Cunningham in his book A History of the Sikhs

(1849) has stated that, 'Banda (Singh) and others were sent to Delhi undersuch miscreable

conditions that only vulgar and semi-barbarian victors could do. This gruesome cavalcade

arrived in Delhi on February 27, 1716 and was taken through the main bazars of Delhi. From

Agharabad to Lohori Gate in Delhi thousands of Muslims had lined up on the road-side who

cut dirty jokes and taunted the Sikhs.

In Delhi, Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji along with about two dozen leading Sikhs

was imprisoned inthe Fort while the remaining 740 were handed over to the kotwal Sarbrah

Khan to be executed at the Kotwali Chabutra opposite Delhi Railway Station at the rate of

100 a day. The butchering of the 740 Sikhs started on March 5, 1716. Each of them courted

death with pleasure and reciting Gurbani (s acred hymns). Mirza Mohammed Harisi, the

author of Ibratnama, who was present in Delhi during these scenes, writes that :

"Such a crowd in the bazars and lanes had rarely been seen. The Mussalmans could hardly

contain themselves for joy. But the unfortunate Sikhs, who had been reduced to this

condition, were quite happy and contented with their lot. Not the slightest sign of dejection or

humiliation was visible on their faces. In fact, most of them, as they passed along on their

camels, seemed to be happy and cheerful, merrily singing their sacred hymns. If anyone

from the lane called out to them that their own excesses had brought them where they were,

they quickly retorted that it had been so decreed by the Almighty, and thattheir capture and

misfortune was in accordance with His will. And if anyone said, 'Now you will be killed', they

shouted, 'Do kills us. When were we afraid of death? Had we been afraid, how could we

have foughtso many battles with you? It was only through want and hunger that we fell into

your hands; otherwise you know already what deeds of bravery we are capable of." William

Irvine in his book Later Mughals (1922) has stated that "All observers Indian and European

"unite in remarking on the wonderful patience and resolution with which these men

underwent their fate. Their attachment and devotion to their leader were wonderful to behold.

They had no fear of death; they called the executioner Mukt or the Deliverer, they cried out to

him joyfully, "O Mukt ! Kill mefirst !"

Ghulam Husain Khan in his book Siyar-ul-Mutaakhirin has stated that 'But what is

singular these people not only behaved firmly during the execution, but they would dispute

and wrangle with each other for priority in death, and they made interest with the executioner

to obtain the preference.' To evade deathall the Sikhs were given the option to court Islam.

The letter dated March 10, 1716 and addressed to the President and Governor of Fort

William by John Surman and Edward Stephenson, members of the BritishEmbassy to the

court of Farrukh Siyar who were present at the venue of execution in Delhi states : 'It hasnot

been found that one apostatised from this new formed religion'. For a whole week the

butcheing of Sikhs went on until all of them were beheaded. At night their bodies were

removed in carts and hung up on trees outside the city.

On June 9, 1716 Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji alongwith his 26 companions was

taken out in a procession through the streets of the old city of Delhi to the tomb of Khwaja

Qutb ud-Din Bakhtyar Kaki near the Qutab Minar. By this time he along with his companions

had been continuously tortured for more than three months. When Baba Banda Singh

BahadurJi was brought to this place, because of tortures inflicted on him his hands, arms,

feet and legs had been so severly distorted that he could not even stand. He was given a

stick to enable him to support his body and in addition a few officials gave support to his

shoulders. The historians feel that the details of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji's execution

are too horrible to be related. On June 9, 1916 upon his refused to court the Islam religion

his four-year old son Ajay Singh was hacked to pieces before his eyes and the pieces of his

flesh were forcibly put into his mouth. After that he was deprived of his right eye, and then of

his left. Then his hands and feet were cut off, his flesh was torn with red-hot pincers, and

finally his head was chopped off. Until his last breath thisbrave warrior was reciting Gurbani

(sacred hymns), was fully composed and his face was gleaming. To commemerate his

bravery, at the site of his execution, Gurdwara Baba Banda Bahadur Ji has been

established in Mehrauli, New Delhi.

Three years after the painful shaheedi of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji Farrukh-

Siyar was killed on the night of 27-28 April, 1719 by his own men who pricked needles into

his eyes and then choked himto death.

In October-November, 1899 Rabindranath Tagore composed a poem in Bengali titled

Bandi Bir (Warrior Bound) based mainly on McGregor's History of the Sikhs and

Cunningham's A History of the Sikhs. In the opening stanzas Tagore has described how Sri

Guru Gobind Singh Ji's message had turned the Sikhs into a self-respecting and dauntless

people and in the rest, he has highlighted the resistance put up by Baba Banda Singh

Bahadur Ji against the Mughal oppression, and has heroic death. As reported by Himadri

Banerjee this poem was a source of inspiration for the Bengali writers as well as the Bangali

militant youth engaged in the struggle for India's independence.

The tercentenary of Sirhind Fateh Divas i.e. the day of conquering Sirhind was

celebrated all over the world on May 14, 2010. One Fateh Divas March was started on

March 30, 2010 at Gurdwara Baba Banda Bahadur Ghat, Nanded in Maharashtra. The

pompous procession led by Palki Sahib i.e. the palanquin carrying Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji

and Punj Piaras along with devotees riding elephants, horses and thousands of vehicles

passed through the big cities and reached Fatehgarh Sahib on May 14, 2010. The second

Fateh Divas March originated at Rajauri in Jammu and Kashmir, the birth place of Baba

Banda Singh Bahadur Ji and also reached Fatehgarh Sahib on May 14, 2010. Millions of

Sikhs came to have a darshan (holy glimpse) of Fateh Divas March at Chapar Chiri on May

13 and at Fatehgarh Sahib on May 14, 2010.

Whenever we think of the martyrdom of Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji and Sahibzada

Zorawar Singh Ji,the two younger sons aged 7 years and 9 years respectively of Sri Guru

Gobind Singh Ji, we are reminded of the cruelty of Wazir Khan the then faujdar of Sirhind,

who first ordered that these two youngchildren be bricked alive in a wall but when because

of some miraculous happening that wall cracked and the masons found it impossible to

complete it, then he ordered that these two young children be beheaded. On hearing about

the death of her naive grandsons Mata Gujri Ji died of shock. Wazir Khan's forces were also

part and parcel of the army which on December 7, 1705 raided the Garhi, the high walled

fortified house being used as a temparory citadel by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji where a fierce

battle took place between Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji and his Sikhs one one side and the

imperial army, which included reinforcements from Malerkotla and Sirhind, on the other. It

was in this battle which took place inDecember 7, 1705 at a nearby place west of this Garhi

that the two elder sons of Sri Guru Gobind SinghJi, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Ji and Sahibzada

Jujhar Singh Ji aged 18 years and 14 years respectively earned martyrdom.

Even after the martyrdom of all the four Sahibzadas of Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji and

his mother Mata Gujri Ji, Wazir Khan was still full of fury. He alongwith his troops followed

Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji and on December 29, 1705 reached Khidrana Dhab which is close

to the present day city of Muktsar andinvaded him but was defeated. Later on when Sri Guru

Gobind Singh Ji after staying at Talvandi Sabo now called Damdama Sahib in District

Bathinda from January 20, 1706 to October 30, 1706 left for the south he despatched two

pathans Jamshed Khan and Wasil Begh to kill him.

These two pathans followed Guru Sahib secretly and towards the end of August

1708 when he reached Nanded in Maharashtra, they ever took him. One of them stabbed

Guru Sahib on the left side below theheart as he lay resting in his chamber in the evening.

Guru Sahib immediately struck him down with his sabre and killed him. The second pathan

was killed by his devotees. The wound of Guru Sahib was stitched and seemed to have

been healed. But one day as he tried to pull a stiff bow, the wound broke outwhich ended up

being fatal and on 7 October, 1708 after bestowing Guruship on Sri Guru Granth Sahib, Sri

Guru Gobind Singh Ji left for his heavenly abode.

Thus, Wazir Khan ended up being criminal to the whole family of Sri Guru Gobind

Singh Ji. As mentioned earlier to take revenge from Wazir Khan for his misdeeds Baba

Banda Singh Bahadur Ji on May 12, 1710 attacked the imperial forces at Chapar Chiri,

Tehsil Kharar, District Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar a place at a distance of about 20 kms

from Sirhind and in this battle Wazir Khan was killed.

Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji the brave Sikh warrior is remembered by the

Sikh community on (i) October 27 his birthday (ii) his martyrdom day (iii) in

December-January during the martyrdom days of the four Sahibzadas and (iv) Sirhind

Fateh Diwas on May 14.

This year i.e. in 2024 Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji's 308th Martyrdom Day will be

 observed by the Sikh Community all over the world.

The name of Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Ji will always be remembered respectfully

as a brave Sikh warrior, founder of Sikh Rule, a liberal leader, one who stood against the

cruel treatment of the people by the imperial class and embraced death heroically.  

HAIL THE DAUNTLESS WARRIOR AND SHAHID!